人工智能在护理教育中的地位：过去、现在和未来的方向

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1. Introduction

As health care continues to evolve and become increasingly complex, nursing education must also evolve to keep pace with the changing landscape. One significant development in higher education has been the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, which has the potential to transform education by providing more personalized and efficient learning experiences for students [1]. As with any new technology, concerns and controversies surround the adoption of AI into higher education, including nursing programs [2]. This article aims to provide an overview of the state of AI in nursing education by examining its historical roots, current applications, and future directions. By discussing the opportunities and limitations of AI in nursing education, this article encourages nurse educators to reflect on how best to integrate AI technology into their teaching to enhance student learning and contribute to the development of competent and compassionate nurses.

2. AI’s Roots, Growth, and Benefits

The integration of AI technology into higher education has a long history that dates back to the 1950s, when it emerged as a niche area of research with limited interest [3]. AI gained popularity in the 1970s and 1980s due to the development of modern computing technology [1]. In the 1960s, researchers investigated the use of computer-assisted instruction, and by the late 1960s, natural language processing had begun, which improved through self-play and was one of the first instances of a working machine learning system [4]. The use of computer-assisted instruction expanded in the 1970s, resulting in the creation of early computer-based teaching materials, such as multimedia learning resources, interactive simulations, and online tutorials, that demonstrated the potential of AI to improve experiences of teaching and learning [1]. In the 1990s, the use of AI-generated data through learning analytics and intelligent tutoring systems was introduced and demonstrated improved student performance [1]. These early experiments made it possible to provide personalized learning experiences and active learning [5]. A recent example of AI in nursing education is ChatGPT, which can generate a variety of mock simulation cases, such as patient interviews or job interviews, providing interactive learning experiences while saving educators’ time. AI can also automate assessment and grading, allowing nursing faculty to focus on other aspects of teaching [2].

The use of AI in higher education has garnered global attention, with several countries investing in AI research and education. China has launched a national AI development plan to achieve significant progress in AI research and innovation by 2030 [6]. South Korea is dedicating significant resources to developing AI education and research with the goal of building human capacity and anticipating labor market shifts; to cultivate AI talent, the country is taking measures such as increasing the number of AI graduate schools and offering short-term intensive educational programs [7]. The European Union’s Digital Education Action Plan 2021–2027 aims to enhance student learning and support teachers and administrative staff by promoting the use of AI in education [8]. The National Science Foundation in the United States is also investing in AI education and research, with a focus on improving equity in education through the use of AI-augmented learning for adult learners [9]. The investment in AI education and research by countries worldwide is aimed at developing leadership in the field and preparing students for the future workforce.

AI technology holds significant potential to create more sophisticated and complex simulations that can help nursing students develop critical thinking skills and prepare for real-world patient care situations. Such simulations can provide students with realistic scenarios that mimic patient care situations, allowing them to practice their clinical skills and decision making in a safe environment. As AI technology advances, these simulations will become even more advanced and sophisticated, offering an increasingly realistic and immersive learning experience. The benefits of AI in nursing education, such as interactive learning experiences and time-saving opportunities, are undeniable, but potential risks necessitate a cautious and informed approach to its use. For instance, the use of ChatGPT, an AI chatbot system, in nursing education has elicited concerns about breaches of academic integrity and ethics and theft of intellectual property [2]. When implemented according to proper guidelines and used ethically, however, AI can significantly improve learning experiences for nursing students and better prepare them for the challenges of a rapidly changing health care landscape.

3. Navigating the Opportunities and Challenges of AI in Nursing Education

The integration of AI into nursing education presents a wide range of opportunities, including enhanced learning outcomes and improved efficiency; however, it also poses several challenges related to privacy and security, ethical considerations, and resistance to adoption. A primary challenge associated with AI integration is the protection of student privacy. Given that AI requires access to personal information, it is essential to maintain student confidentiality and safeguard against any potential data breaches that could compromise student privacy. Ethical issues related to data bias, the exacerbation of existing inequalities, and adherence to professional standards must be thoughtfully considered and thoroughly addressed. To address such concerns, it is essential to promote ethical AI practices, provide appropriate training and support to educators and students, and implement robust privacy and security measures.

As with any new technology, resistance to the adoption of AI-based tools and techniques is a challenge that nursing education programs will likely face. Faculty members may have concerns about the potential impact of AI on their workload or their role in the teaching process; some may fear that they will need to expend a significant amount of time learning how to use AI tools or that AI could replace human educators altogether. In addressing these concerns, it is important to note that AI technology supplements and enhances the teaching and learning process when used correctly. AI-based tools can help to streamline administrative tasks and provide personalized learning experiences that cater to the unique needs of individual students. By automating routine tasks, such as grading, attendance monitoring, and student progress tracking, nurse educators gain time to focus their efforts on more complex teaching tasks that require their unique insight and expertise.

Although AI-based tools and techniques can offer significant benefits to nursing education, it is crucial to ensure that they supplement and enhance, rather than replace, human interaction, critical thinking, and creativity. The role of nurse educators in fostering these essential skills is critical to the development of competent and compassionate nurses. By striking a balance between AI-powered tools and human interaction, nursing schools can provide a more holistic and effective learning experience for students. Collaborative efforts between AI researchers and nurse educators can lead to a comprehensive and nuanced approach to nursing education that leverages the benefits of technology while preserving the value of human interaction.

To address concerns about workload and the impact of AI on their teaching role, nurse educators must receive proper training and support. Training should be designed specifically to help faculty understand the capabilities and limitations of AI technology and how it can be used to enhance the teaching and learning process. Nurse educators should be provided with guidance on how to use AI-based tools effectively and integrate them into existing teaching practices to make the most of their potential. Moreover, nurse educators can play a critical role in developing and designing AI-powered tools that align with the goals of nursing education and the core values of the nursing profession. Nurse educators can provide valuable input on the features and functionalities they consider most important, and they can ensure that tools are designed to support clinical judgment and patient-centered care.

Implementing AI-based tools in the nursing curriculum can involve significant costs and may require investments in technology and infrastructure to support their integration, such as expenses related to software, hardware, and staff training. However, by providing proper training and technical support, while involving instructional design experts and nurse educators in the development of a technology-enhanced curriculum, nursing education programs can effectively address concerns and ensure that AI is integrated responsibly and ethically in accordance with the core values of nursing education. One way to do this is by reallocating resources from existing budgets, while seeking external support for grants or collaborating with industry partners.

Investing in AI-based tools and techniques can yield long-term benefits for nursing education, such as improved learning outcomes, enhanced efficiency, increased effectiveness of teaching practices [5]. These benefits ultimately produce competent and compassionate nurses who are well equipped to provide high-quality care in a rapidly evolving health care landscape. Collaboration between instructional design experts, nurse educators, and AI researchers can lead to a comprehensive and nuanced approach to nursing education that leverages the benefits of technology while preserving the value of human interaction. Securing adequate funding is crucial for nursing education programs to remain at the forefront of innovation and to provide nursing students with access to some of the most up-to-date and effective learning experiences possible.

4. Conclusions

The integration of AI technology in nursing education has the potential to revolutionize by providing personalized learning experiences and improving efficiency and outcomes. However, the ethical and responsible use of AI must be ensured through careful consideration and effective strategies that address concerns such as privacy, security, bias, and adherence to professional standards. Furthermore, continued research and innovation in the field of AI in nursing education will be crucial to exploring the best practices for incorporating AI technology, examining its impact on student learning and program outcomes, and addressing ethical and legal concerns. With proper implementation and guidelines, AI tools can complement and enhance human interactions in nursing education, preparing nursing students for a rapidly changing health care landscape and advancing the nursing profession.

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1.项目介绍

随着医疗保健不断发展，变得越来越复杂，护理教育也必须发展，以跟上不断变化的格局。高等教育的一个重大发展是人工智能（AI）技术的整合，它有可能通过为学生提供更个性化和更有效的学习体验来改变教育[1]。与任何新技术一样，人们对将人工智能引入高等教育（包括护理课程）的担忧和争议[2]。本文旨在通过检查人工智能的历史根源、当前应用和未来方向，概述人工智能在护理教育中的现状。通过讨论人工智能在护理教育中的机会和局限性，本文鼓励护士教育工作者反思如何最好地将人工智能技术融入教学中，以提高学生的学习能力，并为培养有能力和富有同情心的护士做出贡献。

2. AI的根源、成长和好处

人工智能技术与高等教育的整合有着悠久的历史，可以追溯到20世纪50年代，当时它作为一个利基研究领域出现，兴趣有限[3]。人工智能在20世纪70年代和80年代由于现代计算技术的发展而流行[1]。在20世纪60年代，研究人员调查了计算机辅助教学的使用，到20世纪60年代末，自然语言处理已经开始，它通过自我发挥得到改进，并且是工作机器学习系统的第一个实例之一[4]。计算机辅助教学的使用在20世纪70年代得到了扩展，导致了早期基于计算机的教学材料的创建，例如多媒体学习资源，交互式模拟和在线教程，这些都证明了人工智能在改善教学和学习体验方面的潜力[1]。在20世纪90年代，通过学习分析和智能辅导系统使用人工智能生成的数据被引入，并证明了学生表现的改善[1]。这些早期的实验使得提供个性化的学习体验和主动学习成为可能[5]。人工智能在护理教育中的一个最新例子是ChatGPT，它可以生成各种模拟仿真案例，例如患者面试或工作面试，提供交互式学习体验，同时节省教育工作者的时间。人工智能还可以自动化评估和评分，使护理教师能够专注于教学的其他方面[2]。

人工智能在高等教育中的应用引起了全球的关注，一些国家投资于人工智能研究和教育。中国已启动国家人工智能发展计划，到2030年在人工智能研究和创新方面取得重大进展[ 6].韩国正在投入大量资源发展人工智能教育和研究，目标是建设人力资源能力和预测劳动力市场的变化; 为了培养人工智能人才，国家正在采取措施，如增加人工智能研究生院的数量和提供短期强化教育计划[7].欧盟的《2021-2027年数字教育行动计划》旨在通过促进人工智能在教育中的使用，加强学生的学习，并为教师和行政人员提供支持。8].美国国家科学基金会也在投资人工智能教育和研究，重点是通过对成人学习者使用人工智能增强学习来改善教育公平。9].世界各国对人工智能教育和研究的投资旨在发展该领域的领导力，并为学生未来的劳动力做好准备。

人工智能技术具有创造更复杂和更复杂的模拟的巨大潜力，可以帮助护理专业的学生培养批判性思维技能，并为现实世界的患者护理情况做好准备。这样的模拟可以为学生提供模拟患者护理情况的逼真场景，使他们能够在安全的环境中练习他们的临床技能和决策。随着人工智能技术的进步，这些模拟将变得更加先进和复杂，提供越来越逼真和身临其境的学习体验。人工智能在护理教育中的好处，如互动式学习体验和节省时间的机会，是不可否认的，但潜在的风险需要谨慎和知情的方法来使用它。例如，在护理教育中使用ChatGPT（一种人工智能聊天机器人系统）引起了对违反学术诚信和道德以及盗窃知识产权的担忧[2]。然而，当根据适当的指导方针实施并以合乎道德的方式使用时，人工智能可以显着改善护理专业学生的学习体验，并更好地为快速变化的医疗保健环境的挑战做好准备。

3.把握人工智能在护理教育中的机遇和挑战

人工智能融入护理教育带来了广泛的机会，包括增强学习成果和提高效率;然而，它也带来了与隐私和安全、道德考虑以及对采用的抵制相关的若干挑战。与AI集成相关的主要挑战是保护学生隐私。鉴于人工智能需要访问个人信息，因此必须维护学生的机密性，并防止任何可能损害学生隐私的潜在数据泄露。与数据偏差、现有不平等加剧以及遵守专业标准有关的道德问题必须得到深思熟虑的考虑和彻底解决。为了解决这些问题，必须促进道德的人工智能实践，为教育工作者和学生提供适当的培训和支持，并实施强有力的隐私和安全措施。

与任何新技术一样，对采用基于人工智能的工具和技术的抵制是护理教育计划可能面临的挑战。教师可能会担心人工智能对他们的工作量或他们在教学过程中的角色的潜在影响;有些人可能担心他们需要花费大量时间学习如何使用人工智能工具，或者人工智能可能完全取代人类教育工作者。在解决这些问题时，重要的是要注意，人工智能技术在正确使用时可以补充和增强教学和学习过程。基于人工智能的工具可以帮助简化管理任务，并提供个性化的学习体验，以满足个别学生的独特需求。通过自动化常规任务，如评分，考勤监控和学生进度跟踪，护士教育工作者获得时间，把精力集中在更复杂的教学任务，需要他们独特的洞察力和专业知识。

虽然基于人工智能的工具和技术可以为护理教育提供显着的好处，但确保它们补充和增强而不是取代人类互动，批判性思维和创造力至关重要。护士教育工作者在培养这些基本技能的作用是至关重要的主管和富有同情心的护士的发展。通过在人工智能工具和人际互动之间取得平衡，护理学校可以为学生提供更全面、更有效的学习体验。人工智能研究人员和护士教育工作者之间的合作可以为护理教育提供一种全面而细致的方法，在保留人类互动价值的同时利用技术的优势。

为了解决工作量和人工智能对其教学作用的影响，护士教育工作者必须接受适当的培训和支持。培训应专门设计，以帮助教师了解人工智能技术的能力和局限性，以及如何使用它来增强教学和学习过程。应向护士教育工作者提供如何有效使用基于人工智能的工具的指导，并将其整合到现有的教学实践中，以充分发挥其潜力。此外，护士教育者可以在开发和设计与护理教育目标和护理专业核心价值观相一致的人工智能工具方面发挥关键作用。护士教育工作者可以提供有价值的输入功能，他们认为最重要的特点和功能，他们可以确保工具的设计，以支持临床判断和以病人为中心的护理。

在护理课程中实施基于人工智能的工具可能涉及大量成本，并可能需要在技术和基础设施方面进行投资以支持其整合，例如与软件、硬件和员工培训相关的费用。然而，通过提供适当的培训和技术支持，同时让教学设计专家和护士教育工作者参与技术增强型课程的开发，护理教育计划可以有效地解决问题，并确保人工智能按照护理教育的核心价值观负责任地和道德地整合。一种方法是从现有预算中重新分配资源，同时寻求外部赠款支持或与行业伙伴合作。

投资基于人工智能的工具和技术可以为护理教育带来长期利益，例如改善学习成果，提高效率，提高教学实践的有效性[5]。这些好处最终产生有能力和富有同情心的护士谁是装备精良，以提供高质量的护理在一个快速发展的医疗保健景观。教学设计专家、护士教育工作者和人工智能研究人员之间的合作可以为护理教育提供一种全面而细致的方法，这种方法可以利用技术的优势，同时保留人类互动的价值。确保足够的资金是至关重要的护理教育计划保持在创新的最前沿，并为护理学生提供一些最新的和有效的学习经验可能。

4.结论

人工智能技术在护理教育中的整合有可能通过提供个性化的学习体验和提高效率和成果来进行革命。然而，必须通过仔细考虑和有效的策略来确保人工智能的道德和负责任的使用，这些策略可以解决隐私，安全，偏见和遵守专业标准等问题。此外，人工智能在护理教育领域的持续研究和创新对于探索纳入人工智能技术的最佳实践，研究其对学生学习和项目成果的影响以及解决道德和法律的问题至关重要。通过适当的实施和指导方针，人工智能工具可以补充和加强护理教育中的人际互动，为护理学生应对快速变化的医疗保健环境做好准备，并促进护理专业的发展。

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